These people, known as chronic carriers, no longer have signs or symptoms of the disease themselves. However, they still shed the bacteria in their feces and are capable of infecting others.
Typhoid fever is a serious worldwide threat and affects about 27 million or more people each year. Worldwide, children are at greatest risk of getting the disease, although they generally have milder symptoms than adults do. Intestinal bleeding or holes in the intestine are the most serious complications of typhoid fever.
They usually develop in the third week of illness. In this condition, the small intestine or large bowel develops a hole. Contents from the intestine leak into the stomach and can cause severe stomach pain, nausea, vomiting and bloodstream infection sepsis. This life-threatening complication requires immediate medical care.
With quick treatment, nearly all people in industrialized nations recover from typhoid fever. Without treatment, some people may not survive complications of the disease. Safe drinking water, improved sanitation and adequate medical care can help prevent and control typhoid fever.
Unfortunately, in many developing nations, these may be difficult to achieve. For this reason, some experts believe that vaccines are the best way to control typhoid fever. A vaccine is recommended if you live in or are traveling to areas where the risk of getting typhoid fever is high.
Both require repeat immunizations because their effectiveness wears off over time. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Questions and Answers. Minus Related Pages. What are typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever? How many people get typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever each year?
Where are the diseases most common? How are typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever spread? You can get typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever if You eat food or drink a beverage that has been touched by a person who is shedding getting rid of Salmonella Typhi or Salmonella Paratyphi in their poop and who has not washed their hands thoroughly after going to the bathroom.
Sewage contaminated with Salmonella Typhi or Salmonella Paratyphi gets into water you drink. Typhi infection through a blood, stool or urine culture.
Antibiotic treatment is required for S. Typhi infections. Your doctor will decide which treatment is right for you. If your symptoms have already gone away, antibiotics will help clear the bacteria from your system so that you do not pass the infection on to others. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the risk of serious illness or death. If you are a food handler, health care worker or work in or attend a day care, it is possible for you to transmit S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi to others in these settings.
You must not work while infected. A public health official will contact you to discuss when you can return to work or day care. Children in day care with fever or diarrhea can be cared for temporarily in an area separate from other children until picked up by their parents.
To ensure proper hand washing, children should be supervised by an adult when washing their hands. Workers and day care attendees can only return when three negative stool samples have been provided, and, if they have traveled to a schistosomiasis-endemic country, and could have been exposed to that, they must also provide a negative urine sample.
After this, it makes its way through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, it spreads into other tissues and organs. The immune system of the host can do little to fight back because S.
Typhoid is diagnosed by detecting the presence of S. The two major symptoms of typhoid are fever and rash. Typhoid fever is particularly high, gradually increasing over several days up to degrees Fahrenheit, or 39 to 40 degrees Celsius. The rash, which does not affect every patient, consists of rose-colored spots, particularly on the neck and abdomen.
Rarely, symptoms might include confusion, diarrhea , and vomiting, but this is not normally severe. In serious, untreated cases, the bowel can become perforated. This can lead to peritonitis, an infection of the tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen, which has been reported as fatal in between 5 and 62 percent of cases.
Another infection, paratyphoid, is caused by Salmonella enterica. It has similar symptoms to typhoid, but it is less likely to be fatal. The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics.
The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin for non-pregnant adults and ceftriaxone. As with a number of other bacterial diseases, there is currently concern about the growing resistance of antibiotics to S. This is impacting the choice of drugs available to treat typhoid. In recent years, for example, typhoid has become resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin.
Ciprofloxacin, one of the key medications for typhoid, is also experiencing similar difficulties. Some studies have found Salmonella typhimurium resistance rates to be around 35 percent.
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