The relation of growth to the chemical constituents of the diet. Studies on experimental rickets. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. J Biol Chem ; 53 : Holst A, Frolich T. Experimental studies relating to ship-beri-beri and scurvy. On the etiology of scurvy. J Hyg Lond ; 7 : Note on the role of the anti-scorbutic factor in nutrition.
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Anal Chem ; 49 : A A. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Hopkins and Accessory Food Factors. Discovery of Vitamins A, D, and C.
Analysis of Vitamins. The Reality of Vitamins. The early years of discovery. Louis Rosenfeld Louis Rosenfeld. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Cite Cite Louis Rosenfeld, Vitamine—vitamin. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract In , Cornelius Adrianus Pekelharing found that animals fed purified proteins, carbohydrates, fats, inorganic salts, and water would thrive only if small amounts of milk were added to the diet.
Open in new tab Download slide. Christiaan Eijkman. Reproduced with permission from J Nutr ; Figure 1. Gerrit Grijns. Figure 2. Figure 3. Jack Cecil Drummond. Figure 4. Frederick Gowland Hopkins. Figure 5. J Physiol. Search ADS. Biochem J. J Nutr. J State Med London. Proc R Soc London. J Biol Chem. J Hyg Lond. Standard methods of clinical chemistry.
Nobel prize winners. J Opt Soc Am. Anal Chem. Issue Section:. Download all slides. View Metrics. Email alerts Article activity alert. Advance article alerts. New issue alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Related articles in Google Scholar. Citing articles via Google Scholar. By then the nutrient content of various foods was known. Early saw the first table of recommended dietary allowances RDAs , which included the daily requirements for six vitamins and two minerals, expressed in milligrams and international units.
With these tools in hand the American diet was scrutinized and found to be lacking. These calculations were based on a mixture of animal and human studies. For example, rats were used in controlled feeding experiments to measure vitamin A in test foods, while human needs for vitamin A were based on studies of people that measured the amount of the vitamin necessary to prevent night blindness, one of the first recognizable signs of deficiency.
Scientists used the results from a handful of human subjects and the rat-based assays to determine the quantity of food, such as milk, eggs, and leafy greens, required to meet the vitamin needs of people. Nutritionists adjusted recommendations further to account for the differing needs of infants, children, teens, pregnant and nursing women, and sedentary and active occupations. Modern flour refining had stripped bread of its natural vitamins and minerals, which in turn was stripping Americans of the strength they needed.
Flour enrichment had begun in the late s as the B vitamins thiamine and niacin became available in bulk through industrial synthesis. But now, with national attention focused on the inadequacies of the American diet, progress accelerated, and the enrichment of flour and bread was largely accomplished through the voluntary cooperation of the milling industry, even before the War Food Administration mandated it in Bread was not the first vitamin-enhanced product on the market.
Vitamin D—fortified milk was introduced in the early s, although fortification was accomplished mostly through irradiating milk with ultraviolet light rather than through the addition of bulk vitamins.
New technologies allowed vitamins to be sprayed onto foods, such as the processed flakes that Americans ate for breakfast. By the early s many vitamins were available in bulk at a fraction of the cost of a few years earlier, and proprietary commercial vitamins flourished.
The B vitamins in particular became the focus of vitamin anxiety and promise. Although B was one of the first vitamins recognized, it was little understood until the mids, when numerous components, including thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, B 6 , and calcium pentothenate, were isolated and synthesized.
Studies of subclinical vitamin-B deficiency were vague and alarming: symptoms included fatigue and irritability, loss of appetite, nervousness, and even grey hair. Fortunately it was being pumped by the ton into breads and flour, and distributed in millions of vitamin pills with names like Vimms, Stams, and Benefax.
Advertisers made energetic promises for their vitamins. Lists of the essential nutrients in multiple-vitamin formulations were advertised as the public grew more versed in vitamin science.
Stams included five vitamins of the B complex, along with vitamins A, C, and D, and nine minerals, for an astounding seventeen ingredients. Another vitamin product launched during these years remains one of the most successful brands today.
As its name implied, One-A-Day was a once-daily vitamin pill, unlike Vimms and Stams, both of which required several pills each day. The multivitamin included A, C, D, and three Bs, but no minerals, resulting in a formulation that could fit in a single pill. Measuring the vitamin C in grapefruit, s. Data compiled on the vitamin content of foods allowed for diets to be analyzed for vitamin deficiencies.
The pharmaceutical industry emerged from the war strengthened by wartime production and government support for other new products, including antibiotics and vaccines. In the major vitamin producers formed the National Vitamin Foundation to finance vitamin research in academic laboratories. With the addition of vitamin B 12 in the multivitamin pill was nearly complete, but a few improvements were still in order before the pill was fully formed.
New films and coatings wrapped tablets in pleasing colors. Abbott Laboratories, makers of Dayalets, created Filmtab, an ultra-thin, taste-inhibiting coating for tablets that replaced earlier sugar-coating techniques. Packaging design and point-of-sales displays also became increasingly important to marketing strategies. At the same time, the apothecary bottle, a recognizable symbol of pharmacies, lent respectability to the product within.
Possibly no housewife actually felt proud, as one advertiser suggested, to have the bottle on her dinner table next to the matching salt and pepper shakers; but neither did she feel it a personal indictment of the meal she had prepared.
Salt and pepper shakers did not suggest a lack of flavor in the food, nor did the bottle of vitamins suggest a lack of the nutrients necessary to keep the family healthy. She is known for her independent films and documentaries, including one about Alexander Graham Bell.
Updated October 08, Featured Video. Cite this Article Format. Bellis, Mary. Fat Definition and Examples Chemistry. Nutrient Absorption in the Digestive System. The Difference Between Purines and Pyrimidines. Chemical Structures Starting with the Letter V. The Structure of the Integumentary System. Chemical Composition of the Human Body. Fats, Steroids, and Other Examples of Lipids.
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